{"product_id":"proportionality-in-international-humanitarian-law","title":"Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law","description":"\u003cp\u003eThe principle of proportionality is one of the corner-stones of international humanitarian law. Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that launching an attack which may cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack is prohibited. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of the principle is\n\u003cbr\u003evague. Almost every issue, from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons, is disputed.\n\u003cbr\u003eControversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state-actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?In Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law, Amichai Cohen and\n\u003cbr\u003eDavid Zlotogorski discuss the philosophical and political background of the principle of proportionality.  Offering a fresh and comprehensive look at this key doctrine, they comprehensively discuss the\n\u003cbr\u003edifferent components of the proportionality\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44156517810414,"sku":"9780197556726","price":182.46,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0630\/9612\/7726\/files\/9780197556726.jpg?v=1706245850","url":"https:\/\/bookland.com.au\/products\/proportionality-in-international-humanitarian-law","provider":"Book Land AU","version":"1.0","type":"link"}