{"product_id":"bad-kids","title":"Bad Kids","description":"\u003cp\u003eWithin the past three decades, social and legal changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative welfare agency into a second-class criminal court for young  offenders.  Recent efforts to \"toughen\" juvenile justice policies have resulted in increasingly harsh sanctions that fall disproportionately on minority youths.  In this provocative new book, Barry Feld examines what went wrong with the juvenile court and proposes an alternative model\n\u003cbr\u003efor youth crime control and child welfare.   The Progressive reformers who created the juvenile court a century ago saw children as relatively blameless and innocent. But recent\n\u003cbr\u003edecades of rising crime rates associated with urban decay have strained this tolerant view of young offenders.  Feld relates the 1967 Supreme Court decision In re Gault to the broader social and legal changes associated with the civil rights movement and the Warren Court's \"Due  Process Revolution.\"  Although gault mandated more elaborate procedural safeguards in delinquency hearings, ironically, those protections legitimated the imposition of more punitive sanctions. \n\u003cbr\u003e  Since Gault, Feld argues, three decades of judicial, legislative, and administrative reforms have conducted a form of \"criminological triage.\"  At the \"soft end,\" reforms have shifted noncriminal status\n\u003cbr\u003eoffenders, primarily female and white, out of the juvenile justice system into a \"hidden system\" made up of private sector mental health and  chemical dependency facilities. At the \"hard end,\" states transfer increasing numbers of young offenders, disproportionately minorities, to criminal court for prosecution as adults.  Meanwhile, juvenile courts punish more severely those delinquents-again disproportionately  minorities-who remain within the increasingly criminalized juvenile  justice\n\u003cbr\u003esystem.           Feld attributes the current state of affairs to a conceptual flaw inherent in the juvenile court. The juvenile justice system attempts to combine social welfare and\n\u003cbr\u003esocial control functions in one organization, but inevitably fulfills both missions badly because of the inherent and irreconcilable contradictions between them. Progressive reformers situated the juvenile court on a number of cultural, legal, and criminological fault lines, where the ideas of child and adult, determinism and free will, immature and responsible, treatment and punishment collide. The past three decades have witnessed a shift from the former to the latter of these binary pairs in\n\u003cbr\u003eresponse to the racial transformation of cities, the increase in serious youth crime, and the erosion of the rehabilitative assumptions of the juvenile court.               The\n\u003cbr\u003esolution, Feld argues, is to uncouple social welfare from criminal social control.  States could try all offenders in one integrated criminal justice system with appropriate modifications to accommodate the youthfulness of  younger defendants: a graduated, age-culpability sentencing system, separate youth correctional facilities, and the like. Formally recognizing youthfulness as a mitigating factor would provide youths with greater protections and justice than they currently receive in either\n\u003cbr\u003ethe juvenile or criminal justice systems. At the same time such a strategy would enable public policies to address directly the social welfare needs of all young people.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Oxford University Press","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":44156622143726,"sku":"9780195097887","price":98.61,"currency_code":"AUD","in_stock":true}],"url":"https:\/\/bookland.com.au\/products\/bad-kids","provider":"Book Land AU","version":"1.0","type":"link"}